From the journal of Edna Krouner :: Edna Krouner Journal short story

From the journal of Edna Krouner On September 17th, 1908, at the brisk hour of 630 a.m., Miss Edna Krouner of Wakefield Rhode Island boarded a train for Poughkeepsie, tender York.. About to begin her sophomore year at Vassar college, Edna flirted with two central questions How quickly could she fall back asleep, and would anyone notice the snag she had just made in her radical grey skirt? The confident thunk of heavy luggage settles Edna into the train compartment. A small, exasperated emit issues from her round mouth. Edna was the type of girl who thought women should groan in public if they wished, only maybe in a more polite and refined fashion than those Yale boys she had to dance with on football weekends. Coat and baggage successfully arranged in the seat, Edna waits for the sharp, familiar shock of the whistle, the loud lurching of the wheels first revolutions, and then, the steady calm of motion through the hazy pertly England morning. Stretching into her train compar tment, Edna wonders if maybe Muriel would arrive this morning, and then the two of them could walk downtown to purchase furnishings and sundries for their rooms, returning to a party of picture hanging and new gossip. If only we didnt have to go to that wretched chapel all the time , Edna writes in her journal. A journal, mind you, not a diary. Diaries might do for flyaway girls, but as a young lady off to college, Edna was determined to write in a journal. Thinking of chapel, Edna groans again. She knew that as soon as a cozy crowd had assembled in her room, they would all be called to procession. Besides, chapel only served to keep us quiet and bored for a set period distributively day. As Edna writes many times, the simple fact persists that chapel is stupid annoyance suprs her eyes to wander, and Edna glances out the window to realize that the Hudson forms a smaller palm now, a fainter, delicate version of itself as the train clacks and clings away, soothing her into the curl of almost sleeping. Edna had stayed last night with her cousin Anna in Palisades Park before intent on to Poughkeepisie. They talked in Annas room until 1 in the morning, pondering deep and exciting issues of the day, to quote Ednas journal once again.

Ian Crichton Smith :: essays research papers

Grief is a state of respectable emotion, when friends and relatives atomic number 18 plagued with guilt and regret over unspoken words and wasted moments. This is the emotive basis for the powerful poem Youll take a bath by Scots poet Iain Crichton Smith. Throughout the poem Crichton Smith successfully creates a haunting portrayal of his guilt-laden grief over his mothers final geezerhood and the role he played in her neglect. This neglect is evident in the vivid image of his mothers home combined with her frailty. Crichton Smith adds to this his own role in failing to rescue her and subsequently emphasises the extent to which he is plagued by regret. The poem is divided into three stanzas, the first dealing with Smiths memories of the past when his mother was alive whilst the rest two explore the present. The first stanza, dealing with the past, is twice as long as the remaining two. It may therefore be assumed that Crichton Smith uses the twist to reflect the fact that to him the past seems more substantial or dominant than the present.Crichton Smith initially uses the first stanza to convey then threatening nature of his mothers tenement house home, referring tothe second turning of the stony stair.At this point, Crichton Smith effectively employs alliteration on the words stony and stair. Using harsh sounds to emphasise the harsh nature of the place. In addition to this the poet also uses the phrase stony stair. Which also has double meaning - referring both to the cold hard stone and also to threatening looks from other inhabitants. Furthermore we are told that this cold harsh location had been vandalised. The phrasegraffiti were black letters in a book.The word choice of were used out of context emphasises the volume of vandalism .This is supported by the effective imagery of letters in a book suggesting that the graffiti covered the wall from top to bottom as in a book.. Crichton Smith adds to the awareness of menace by describing the writing a m isspelt and menacing. At this point, the poet employs words which have connotations of threatening ignorance. Such techniques are successfully combined to convey an image of a place that is both harsh and threatening. The concept of the malign nature of the tenement is developed throughout the first stanza with Crichton Smith exploring his own role in his mothers confinement. He tells the reader that whilst he drove away, his mother would wave from the window.

Across the Barricades is a novel written by Joan Lingard. Essay

Across the Barricades is a novel write by Joan Lingard.Across The BarricadesAcross the Barricades is a novel written by Joan Lingard. It is setin the Belfast area in the 1970s. Catholics want Ireland to be alltogether and one country while Protestants want The blue Irelandto stay part of Britain. The plot is about The Troubles and aProtestant girl in love with a Catholic boy. Sadie (Protestant) andKevin (Catholic) are separated by the divide. They pucker (they used toknow each other a while ago) and become close. This upsets theirfamilies and friends because they are from different sides of thedivide. Kevin and Sadie get threats and Kevin gets beaten up as a consequence of this. Sadie know Mr Blake from high school. When Kevin goesto see Sadie, Mr Blake sees that Kevin is in need and so takes Sadieand Kevin to his house. After some time, Mr Blake gets too involvedand so gets threats, nearly killed in a political machine and eventually killed by apetrol go bad. Kevin and Sadie be come sick of Belfast and the violenceand so leave. Kevin and Sadie realize that The Troubles arent goingto go away and that theres no swear for change in the future.In this paragraph the importance of the characters will be discussed.Kevin McCoy is Catholic and works in Mr Kellys scrapyard. Kate Kellylikes Kevin but Kevin loves Sadie. Kate tried to cling to Kevin but some of the time she irritated him. Kate thus tries to get Kevin intotrouble by telling the police about Brians gun. Underneath was arifle and several rounds of ammunition. Brian wanted Kevin to rearagainst the Protestants and use the gun but Kevin had rejected histhoughts. Brian then hid the gun in Mr Kellys scrapyard. Kevin isthen blamed f... ...escribes the violence. There were disturbances inthe night. Sound of gunfire, rumble of cars, shouting in the distance,flicker of flames against the night sky. This is a good example ofimagery.I think the author is trying to imply that The Troubles are notgoing to go away b ut will get worse by the language she uses todescribe the areas and the activities. There are immutable bombings andMr Blake dies. Catholics and Protestants just send a bomb back everytime something happens. Just now the violence has got worse, JoanLingard was arightI dont think that the violence is going to get better because thedeaths are constant as well as the trouble, people are trying tofollow their beliefs by killing other people. There is always going tobe the divide. Kevin and Sadie were right to leave, they realized thatThe Troubles were getting worse.

Race, Urban Poverty, and Public Policy Essay -- Urban Decay, Urban Poor

The problems of race and urban poverty remain pressing challenges which the United States has yet to address. Changes in the global economy, technology, and race relations during the last 30 years have necessitated new and innovative analyses and policy responses. A common thread which weaves throughout many of the studies reviewed here is the dynamics of migration. In When Work Disappears, immigrants set aside comparative data with which to highlight the problems of ghetto poverty affecting blacks. In No Shame in My Game, Puerto Rican and Dominican immigrants are part of the changing demographics in Harlem. In Canarsie, the possible migration of blacks into a working/middle-class neighborhood prompts conservative backlash from a traditionally liberal community. In Streetwise, the migration of yuppies as a result of gentrification, and the nominal head of nearby-ghetto blacks into these urban renewal sites to a fault invoke fear of crime and neighborhood devaluation amon g the gentrifying community. Not only is migration a common thread, but the persistence of poverty, despite the certain economic boom, is the cornerstone of all these works. Poverty, complicated by the dynamics of race in America, call for universalistic policy strategies, some of which are articulated in Poor promote and The War Against the Poor. In When Work Disappears, William Julius Wilson builds upon many of the insights he introduced in The Truly Disadvantaged, such as the rampant joblessness, social isolation, and lack of mature males that characterized many urban ghetto neighborhoods. In the class discussion, Professor Wilson argues that it is necessary to disassociate unemployment with joblessness, as the former only measures those still s... ...or-eliminating technology -- they are unlikely to be plausible policy alternatives in the current political and high-technology-oriented context. What all these analyses and policy recommendations do require is a univer salistic strategy, backed by a broad-based multi-ethnic, multi-class compression which cuts across ideological and political lines in order to address the problems of race and urban poverty at the dawn of the 21st century. Works CitedDavid Ellwood Poor Support Herbert Gans The War Against the Poor The Underclass and Antipoverty Policy Notes1 Wilson, 28. 2 Ibid, 75-8. 3 Ibid, 216-18. 4 Newman, 292-293. 5 Rieder, 79. 6 Ibid, 173. 7 These definitions of social organization are also found in Wilson, 20. 8 Anderson, 144-45. 9 Wilson, 62. 10 Ibid, 113. 11 Ellwood, 238. 12 Gans, 110-112.

T.S. Eliots The Wasteland Essay -- Eliot Wasteland Essays

T.S. Eliots The WastelandTraditionally, authors begin their compositions at the beginning and then proceed to an end, creating a logical flow of information towards a conclusion. T.S. Eliot threw most traditional form out the window as he composed The Waste Land. The voice changes, the twist varies, his allusions are elusive, and the first section of the metrical composition is entitled The Burial of The Dead. This of course does not speak to a beginning, but to the conclusion of what could be one or many lives. Even before this heading, the epigraph evokes the feeling of something, (a something that the reader must work to comprehend) almost eternal, reflecting on a lifetime (an almost eternal lifetime) with a melancholic eye. The reader of the poem begins with reflections on a life, a universal life, and with this understanding we can begin to unpack some of the images and make sense of the major themes of the poem. Without variation the entire poem, one can not hope to catch the significance of the initial passage or the epigraph conversely, one might not comprehend the poem as a cohesive unit without its opening lines. Unlike Eliot, let us start with the genesis of the poem The Burial of The Dead. A major hindrance of this poem is its apparent lack of a single speaker. If there is an identifiable or specific speaker, they are contained within a few lines and then dethaw into the background of the poem. The first seven lines are second or third person, singular or plural is not made clear. We are not effrontery any perspective for these lines therefore, the reader has nothing with which to orient himself. The vertigo continues once the language is taken into consideration. What do we make of his confl... ...events from ancient to present, coming together in one piece to produce a single feeling. Eliot sums up this feeling with the title. At once everything is connected through the poem and yet disconnected by time, place, and exper ience. I mentioned that the poems epigraph implied a reflection on an almost eternal life, The Sibyl (as well as Tiresias later in the poem) mirrors civilizations accounting and the poem itself. Where Sibyl will not die she is in the process of decay, where history has not stopped it has broken down to a waste land. By transport together these broken images, Eliot constructed a summation of thousands of years of history. Many voices all speaking at once, alienated from one another by polar times, different thoughts, and different experiences but connected through societys common sub-consciousness and brought together by The Waste Land.

T.S. Eliots The Wasteland Essay -- Eliot Wasteland Essays

T.S. Eliots The WastelandTraditionally, authors begin their compositions at the beginning and then proceed to an end, creating a formal flow of information towards a conclusion. T.S. Eliot threw most traditional form out the window as he composed The Waste Land. The voice changes, the structure varies, his allusions are elusive, and the first section of the numbers is entitled The Burial of The Dead. This of course does not speak to a beginning, but to the conclusion of what could be one and only(a) or some lives. Even before this heading, the epigraph evokes the feeling of something, (a something that the referee must work to comprehend) almost eternal, reflecting on a lifetime (an almost eternal lifetime) with a melancholic eye. The reader of the poetry begins with reflections on a life, a universal life, and with this understanding we can begin to unpack some of the images and make sense of the major themes of the poem. Without reading the entire poem, one can not hope to catch the significance of the initial passage or the epigraph conversely, one might not comprehend the poem as a cohesive unit without its opening lines. Unlike Eliot, let us start with the genesis of the poem The Burial of The Dead. A major difficulty of this poem is its apparent lack of a single speaker. If there is an identifiable or specific speaker, they are contained within a few lines and then disappear into the solid ground of the poem. The first seven lines are second or third person, singular or plural is not made clear. We are not given whatever perspective for these lines therefore, the reader has nothing with which to orient himself. The vertigo continues once the language is taken into consideration. What do we make of his confl... ...events from ancient to present, coming unneurotic in one piece to produce a single feeling. Eliot sums up this feeling with the title. At once everything is connected through the poem and yet disconnected by time, pl ace, and experience. I mentioned that the poems epigraph implied a reflection on an almost eternal life, The Sibyl (as well as Tiresias later in the poem) mirrors civilizations history and the poem itself. Where Sibyl will not die she is in the process of decay, where history has not stopped it has broken down to a waste land. By bringing together these broken images, Eliot constructed a summation of thousands of years of history. Many voices all speaking at once, alienated from one another by contrasting times, different thoughts, and different experiences but connected through societys common sub-consciousness and brought together by The Waste Land.

Procter & Gamble: From Top to Bottom – A Consultant’s View

Not only does P&G demand an appearside the box cerebration model, but they also demand collaboration inside and outside the Company. This is in addition to strict project management guidelines and the desire to be in discourse with consumers, retail customers and outside stakeholders. (Leadership Development, 2014) Recommendation 1 One recommendation here is to involve employees on a greater train. The mission statement itself digs everything an employee should take to heart. However, interest at the local level may increase the publics aw areness to the firms existence.Employees being more involved in going to local retailers and attempting to market Ps reapings, giving out-of-door products to local homeless shelters and charities, providing charity work in the local communities by P&G employees can take a company to another level in this area. P&G is heavily concerned with improving the lives of others around the world. It is this authors opinion that integrating a greate r hands-on approach an help surgical operation this. P holds a lot of strength in its organizational structure. P feels the organizations structure is an important part of its continued growth.With products touching the lives of nearly 2 zillion population every day, it combines its strength of product benefits and a local focus to win consumers and retail customers in all the countries where the products are embedded. thither are cardinal major portions of the organization, all embedded neatly in the companys Selling & Market Operations sector. These entangle Beauty, Hair and personal Care Baby, Feminine and Family Care textile and Home Care Health and Grooming (Corporate Structure, 2014) Specifically, the segmentation of that delivers products to market is the Selling and Market Operations division.The division name was agitated from Market Development Organizations beca utilize of the intense disdain it takes in bring its products to the people of the world. The name c hange was not just a name change, it clarified the work the firm does and the work they do best. This division handles every portion of marketability including superior, effective and efficient selling, distribution, shelving, pricing execution and rescheduling every day, every week in every store and in all its markets.Markets include Asia Europe India, the Middle East, and Africa (MIME) Latin America and North America. (Corporate Structure, 201 4) Recommendation 2 could likely benefit from a stronger focus in where it does not hold a strong enough market share. For example, in Personal Health Care, which is removeed a $240 billion market, P is a market leader, but with only a 5% share. Another area is Beauty and Grooming, and while leads the consumer market, it only holds 13% of the share. (P 2014 yearbook Report, 014) Organizational management is key to a business growth opportunities.It has a number of billion-dollar and half-billion-dollar brands that cover a number of mar kets. P&G is certainly not lacking in performance. However, it is possible that it could build in certain areas. It has strong relationships with retailers, suppliers and a warlike advantage where innovation is recognized. Recommendation 3 It is possible that could reach its hands into undeserved and unseeded consumers. There are a number of markets where consumers are not reached such as those watching a lot of television.With Digital Video Recorders (DVD) available for every home in the world, it is possible that is not reaching these consumers because people typically fast-forward through commercials. If these consumers were targeted in other areas such as highway billboards, mobile app advertisements, and e-commerce, P&G may see a rise in its consumer markets. Employee performance management is not the only concept that creates an effective firm like Procter & Gamble. Another tightly held idea is their efficacy in the use of partners and suppliers. P&Gs network of partners and suppliers is critical to our long-term success ND in our purpose inspired growth strategy to touch and improve more consumers lives, in more parts of the world, more completely. (Partners and Suppliers, 2014) P&Gs supplier diversity goes deep and is historical. Since the sasss, there has been a strong focus on its ability to diversify its supplier strategy. P&G holds a special pride with minority and women-owned businesses around the world, investing more than $2 billion in the last six years.This figure has hardened P&G on a short list called the Billion Dollar Roundtable, which specifically invests more than a billion dollars a year with a minority or woman-owned business. Recommendation 4 A recommendation to be considered might be the insertion of deeper rooted supplier networks. Possibly delving into more privately owned businesses for their product sales. One of P&Gs greatest weaknesses is its inherent ability to rely on big box retailers such as Wall-Mart for revenue gener ation.With P product insertion into stores like Wall-Mart, the world-wide retailer is at an advantage with potentially greater bargaining power. With this comes less profit for Procter & Gamble. Spreading the market share to small entities could help level the playing field with these large retailers. Chuan, 2010) Investing in a number of partners, P has not only generated awards for its partnership strategies, it has also helped to punter the lives of the people who work in these companies. With well-treated employees comes greater confidence in the products created.P has set a very important standard in its desire to be a trusted company. Ps goal, where its products are concerned, is family safety. They need the consumers that purchase their products to come back and purchase more. The organization considers its commitment to safety as a part of its heritage and future. There are more Han 700 experts that work for P&G globally, specifically to ensure the safety of its products wi th respect to environmental safety, human safety and the various regulatory shape agencies around the world. Product Safety, 2014) Recommendation 5 Where product quality is concerned, P&G is heavily involved. For example, in 2007, there were a number of product recalls in its pet food division. With keeping its powerful brand name, P&G eventually sold off its pet division. This is an example of a recommendation that was followed and came out on top. With fast moving product, which is what P&G relies on, having re-stocked rodents is important. Generating sales is heavily reliant on new and innovative products.There is a possibility of having greater product quality if third party assets assisted in quality management. With so much product oversight on the inside of P&G, this leaves room for bias. distant experts, working independent of P&G, and not under financial collusion, could assist in bringing greater product value to the market. (Chuan, 2010) Considering the coat and reach of P&G, their use of technology plays a significant role in its daily operations. They are reliant on IT systems for internet sites, data costing, processing facilities for tools and other hardware.The use of these IT systems includes services such as ordering and managing materials from suppliers converting materials to finished products shipping products to customers marketing and selling products to consumers collecting and storing customer, consumer, employee, investor and other stakeholder selective information and personal data (P&G 2014 Annual Report, 2014) The firm has clearly say A breach of information security, including a cyber-security breach or failure of one or more key information technology systems, networks, processes, associated sites or service providers could have a material adverse impact on our business or reputation. (P&G 2014 Annual Report, 2014) Recommendation 6 It is recommended that instead of relying heavily on its own employees for security manageme nt, to consider moving to a third party company and outsourcing its security.Ideally, with the extensive product development and its separate nature (until necessary patents are bring forthed), it is recommended that the firm receive the same level of security as the Department of Defense receives. Additionally, while the following details are likely classified, P&Gs yester should be regularly hacked by white-hat hackers to determine potential security holes and assist in having them plugged. The culture at P is very strong. They carry the strength of their culture to its powerful innovation Structure. Is constantly displaying their formidable position on the planet as a leading innovator. A well-known process of moving the innovation from idea to prototype, to development, to qualification, to centralization is in place for the product launch model.Bob McDonald (2008) stated Innovation requires a certain kind of culture, one that is particular(a) ND courageous, connected and co llaborative culture, and open-minded a culture in which people want to take risks to identify game changing, life enhancing innovations. McDonald went on to avow that culture is not something that can fall under a mandate or be imposed. Good culture is grown on an organic level and while it cannot be demanded, it can be shaped and influenced. Recommendation 7 Change management exists in all companies around the world, big and small. Dealing with the change comes down to working with employees in the firm to ensure the smooth transition. With constant changes in laws and isolations around the global, a global organization like Procter & Gamble should consider a Change Consistency department, whereby change is predicted and the firm can then get ahead of it.Working with regulatory agencies around the world, it is possible that P can obtain potentially conflicted items based on ingredients. For example, in China, a number of products were found to have banned substances in them. Ha d there been a department designed to specifically combat these issues, P could come out on top and release products that do not interfere with a country regulatory efforts. With the above stated Change Management, there comes number of issues involving power, politics and conflict. With that in mind, everything comes down to quality leadership and effective communication. Without these two ingredients, it is too easy for a firm of this size to fall into complete disarray.

Odyssey and the Aeneid Essay

From the cultural views, there are some differences between the Hellenic and Roman concept of heroes the Achaeans attach importance to individuality whereas the Romans to community. Unlike the Roman Empire which we know is a kingdom, in the ancient Greece-also called Hellas-there are no countries besides only city states scattered around the Balkan Peninsula. In this sense, the Achaeans do non have the notion about collective consciousness or what country is, so they tend to possess individual will, and so do the heroes at that time. We can see the evidence in the two works.On the one hand, in the Odyssey, Odysseus constitutes the measuring stick Greek values of heroism individualism. He mainly concerns if he can go back to Ithaca safely and how to re slang his throne that is, what he cares about is not really related to anyone else but is himself, his life, and his personal purposes. For instance, as a leader of his sailors, the hero Odysseus is proved to be the only survivor co ming back to his Ithaca. So we can see that his cleverness and resourcefulness are only applied for his own individual survival.On the other hand, the Roman heroism is quite different. Aeneas is loaded down(p) with a great responsibility for his sacred mission ordained by Jupiter to found a new land. He concerns about not personal gain or welfare but other people and therefore he is the presentation of pietas, possibly the key quality of honorable Romans consisting of a series of commitment toward the family, followers, homeland, and the gods.Culturally, the Roman, or Virgilian ideology of heroes is distinctly different from that of the Greeks. The chief difference of their model heroism is that the Greek heroes symbolize individual will, glory, and feelings whereas the Roman heroes an ideal nationalistic convention (Augustus, whom Virgil writes the Aeneid for) who with sacrifice, devotion, and duty for his people is regarded as a servant rather than the served.

Kudler Fine Foods Photography Analysis Essay

In order for Kudler comely Foods to continue existence successful, our technology should be constantly updated to keep up with our competitors and stay in line with upgrades. The telephoner must modernize the ways in which consumers identify and differentiate with the Kudler Fine Foods brand. Investing and developing a inviolate marketing plan using impeccable picture taking impart help increase our retail, online, and direct marketing sales (MindFireInc, 2013). To capitalize on our marketing efforts it is positive to analyze both the advantages and disadvantages of creating an in-ho procedure photography infrastructure versus outsourcing the photography to a professional lensman. The Pros and Cons of Creating the InfrastructureCreating an in-house photography infrastructure will give Kudler Fine Foods the ability to drive home full control over type of photography produced (Rimagine Designs Co., LTD, 2013). We will be able to customize, according to the specific needs of our comp any(prenominal) (Rimagine Designs Co., LTD, 2013). In-house photography in any case gives us the opportunity to edit on location (DT&G Inc, 2012). Not having to wait on an outsourced photographers turnaround era will save the company time and money. The cost of producing photographs will be reduced dramatically after the initial investment (DT&G Inc, 2012).There be also some(prenominal) bootlick backs to in-house photography production. Time constraints are a concern because Kudler Fine Foods will be heavily involved in the photography process (Rimagine Designs Co., LTD, 2013). This would increase the get of micromanaging employees because of quality control and ensuring an effective budget (Rimagine Designs Co., LTD, 2013). An in-house photography department requires a long term and costly plan. The company will have to purchase equipment, hardware, software, and provision that could run the company anywhere from $5000 up to $20000 (DT&G Inc, 2012).Pros and Cons of Ou tsourcing the Photography to a Professional Photographer Outsourcing photography to a professional photographer requires that Kudler Fine Foods be diligent in finding the right photographer to the needs of the company. The photographer or Photography Company should be reputable, reliable, have access to excellent facilities and equipment (Outsourced E-commerce, 2012). Outsourcing a photographer will free up some of the senior managers time and allow the company to focus on its proficiencies. Rather than consume the company with the photography process we can make good use of the knowledge and skills of an experienced photographer (Outsourced E-commerce, 2012). Some disadvantages include the possibility of the company giving up some of its control of the photography process that may give way to Kudler Fine Foods incurring extra or hidden cost by the photographer (Rimagine Designs Co., LTD, 2013). converse may be a concern.The photographer may not be able to present the company with what we need, want, or expect (Rimagine Designs Co., LTD, 2013). This will only languish time that could be used for photography production. Kudler Fine Foods also may hire a photographer who produces a weak performance or tedious response times (Outsourced E-commerce, 2012). There are also confidentiality and security issues when outsourcing a photographer as they may also work for a competitor (Rimagine Designs Co., LTD, 2013). effective ramifications that come into play when using an in-house nonplus can be substantial. If a photographer took a picture in a park and use it in an advertisement you could face legal problems.The best approach to taking pictures and using photos for personal gain would be to become familiar with the parks guidelines. There are other issues that may cause legal issues would be if a photographer wanted to take a picture on someones position it may be difficult to gain access to do take said picture. Trespassing just to photograph some picture is a minute much, making sure that you follow guidelines and protocol can only help you obtain the photo you want. Out-sourcing instead of in-house has more than just legal issues you could run into abdicable results.The legal issues that you may encounter when out-sourcing your photographic needs maybe weak performance, what you pay for may not be what you get. Costs may be misquoted also known as hidden costs and fees. There is definitely a downside of photography through in-house.Employees should have training in use of the specialize equipment compulsory to produce quality pictures. The budget has to support the cost of hiring a professional as well as purchasing the equipment needed to achieve the assignment. Coordinating registers with the photographer can cause scheduling conflicts and delays in initiating the project. Equipment and CostIn-house product photography will provide Kudler Fine Foods with the ability to capture, edit, and format project images using congenital r esources, equipment, and systems. There are several factors to consider when establishing an in-house photography department. Because our marketing initiative is an ongoing project it will require many product images thus justifying such(prenominal)(prenominal) a lengthy and costly investment (Weilmeier, 2012). We must analyze as well as identify the resources required to develop, finance, implement, and maintain an in-house photography system.Develop a financial plan to feasibly meet our budget constraints (KMAONE, 2013). In order to maintain an in-house photography system, sufficient planning and preparation is vital. Sufficient space must be developed to efficiently operate a photography studio from the Kudler Fine Foods subroutine, which may cost $2500 (Weilmeier, 2012). An in-house photography department must have adequate staffing. A qualified product photographer must have a vast array of creativity, expertise, an extensive chthonianstanding of photography concepts, camera equipment and accessory knowledge cause excellent time management and composition skills as well as camera positioning and angle selection skills (Weilmeier, 2012). Employing such a photographer will require that they be paid salary and wages.According to a study by the U.S. National Salary Averages, a base photographer salary starts at $50K (Salary Wizard, 2013). Image editors may need to be hired to edit, retouch, review, and format. A project manager should also be hired to oversee time management and deadlines as well as quality control to assure that image quality meets company standards (KMAONE, 2013). An employee workspace must be developed as well. Anticipated costs are about $75,000 (Weilmeier, 2012).Train managers and staff to operate the in-house photography system (Weilmeier, 2012). Estimated training cost should be around $2500 (B & H Foto & Electronics Corp, 2013). Cameras, lenses and lighting setup, work space including office furniture, supplies, and equipment run a n estimated cost of $15,000 (B & H Foto & Electronics Corp, 2013). IT resources must be established for system development and maintenance, which cost $1500 (B & H Foto & Electronics Corp, 2013).Computer, monitor, and accessories will cost roughly $8000 (B & H Foto & Electronics Corp, 2013). An adobe Photo Shop program such as Adobe Creative Suite and capture software such as Phase 1 requires a $2500 investment (Weilmeier, 2012). Below are examples of equipment, software, and a breakdown of the total estimated cost for the in-house project.Photography impact the day-to-day store operations under from each one model Outsourcing the photography contract will not change the daily operations. They have been doing the photography like this for some time. However, keeping the photography outsourced can lead to deviation of revenue because it costs more for the pictures to be taken and edited (Flatworld Solutions, 2013). The company can acquire more customers if the pictures on the webs ite reflect the actual products, advertisements and employees.Photography done in-house will change the daily operations some. Like mentioned above the appropriate equipment as well as the area where the photography will take key has to be considered. There will also be management and employee allocated to take on the photography project, this will take company resources. The main functions of the store such as selling gourmet food products will not be affected by the photography infrastructure. How often new photographs could be taken under each modelEveryone desires to take professional, perfect, memorable, and persuasive pictures. Depending on the person or the venue pictures can serve different purposes. It does not matter how often pictures should be taken. The frequency of which pictures are taken is dependent on several key factors the satisfaction of the client, budget, and the time allotted for the entire project. The budget is also pertinent as this is an additional expen se. There are many reasons that pictures can be taken under each model. Despite which model is being used there is ever so a chance of equipment failure. New pictures can be taken at the discretion of the photographer as well at the desire of the client. The model that is being photographed may request the picture be retaken for personal reasons.The photographer may not be well-provided with the photos because of the background lighting maybe off or the props may not be properly setup or the client may not be satisfied with the model (Thein, 2012). The model(s), venue and any props will have to be rented again for the retakes. Retakes can hinder the schedule. Overall there is no limit for taking new pictures under each model the decision is based solely on the satisfaction of the photographer and the client. The in house structure may allow more flexibility in retaking the photos versus outsourcing the service as this can definitely add an additional expense to the project. The bu dget should include the expenses involved in retaking pictures and extra time should be allotted in the schedule for any additional time that maybe needed for new pictures (Flatworld Solutions, 2013).The goal is to have the client completely satisfied and the vision is relayed through the pictures. The potential uses of the photographs and those implications under each model The use of each photograph is there to benefit Kudler Fine Foods and their marketing arena along with the website to use the photos to show different aspects of the company. Many implications come along with the marketing side of the company by using contest and photographs in the stores to give Kudler Fine Foods the edge of the competition. The possibilities are endless with photos and the upgrades the company can create.ConclusionThere are copyright laws that the company will have to follow, and release forms to be gestural to protect the company as well as the models. If these laws are neglected the company c ould face detrimental financial and reputation repercussions. In comparing the pros and cons of outsourcing the photography to a professional photographer versus creating the infrastructure to take the photographs in-house, there is great benefit to creating the infrastructure to take the photographs in-house. There is more flexibility in the schedule as well as the decisions can be decided in-house.There is definitely a downside of photography done in-house. Employees should have training in use of the specialize equipment needed to produce quality pictures (Lin, 2005). The budget has to support the cost of hiring a professional as well as purchasing the equipment needed to complete the assignment. Coordinating schedules with the photographer can cause scheduling conflicts and delays in initiating the project. The companies have to take into consideration the pros and cons. Whatever decision is made has to definitely be corroborative to the staffs schedule, the budget and the comp anys overall philosophy (Flatworld Solutions, 2013).ReferencesB & H Foto & Electronics Corp. (2013). Lighting Studio. Retrieved September 1, 2013, from bhphotovideo.com http//www.bhphotovideo.com/c/browse/Lighting-Studio/ci/1161/N/4294551176 Conrad, B. (2013). Hearst Communications, Inc. Retrieved September 1, 2013, from How to Compare Small Business Computer Systems http//smallbusiness.chron.com/compare-small-business-computer-systems-580.html DT&G Inc. (2012). DT&G Photography. Retrieved from Building an In-House Studio www.graphic-design.com/photographicstudio Dell. (2013).Computers for Business. Retrieved September 1, 2013, from Dell http//www.dell.com/us/business/p/featured-deals.aspx?c=us&cs=04&l=en&s=bsd&ST=business%20computer%20systems&dgc=ST&cid=79370&lid=4766096&acd=12309152537461010 Flatworld Solutions (2013). The advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing.Retrieved September 15, 2013 http//www.flatworldsolutions.com/articles/advantages-disadvantages-outsourcing.php Kmao ne. (2013). In-house versus Outsourcing. Retrieved September 1, 2013, from KMAONE.com www.kmaone.com/inhouseoutsource.htm Lin, P. (2005). Should You Outsource Your market? Retrieved September 15, 2013, from http//hbswk.hbs.edu/item/4883.html Media Novak. (2013). 50 Marketing Tips for Photographers. Retrieved from MediaNovak Website Design & Development www.medianovak.com/blog/photography/marketing-tips-for-photographers-2/ MindFireInc. (2013). Retrieved from Mind Fire Studio www.mindfirestudio.com/blog/4-key-steps-of-an-effective-marketing-campaing/ Network World, Inc. (1994-2013).Outsourcing vs. keeping it in-house. Retrieved September 15, 2013 http//www.networkworld.com/news/2007/102607-arguments-outsourcing-inhouse.html Outsourced E-commerce. (2012). Outsourcing Your Photography. Retrieved from Outsourced E-Commerce www.outsourcedecommerce.com/2013/services/outsourcing-your-product-photograph

Mass and Chemical Reactions Lab Essay

Relationships in a Chemical Reaction Lab Introduction This lab focused on mass relationships at bottom a chemical reaction. To understand this lab first, it is necessary to understand the reaction that is going on in the reaction. The Copper (II) chloride hydrate reacts with atomic number 13 to produce Aluminum chloride, copper, and water. Theoretical yield and various other forms of yield must be understood too, theoretical yield is what amount of the product you should get theoretically gibe to your calculations experimental yield is the product you get after you finish the experiment.Because of error usually your experimental yield will be off from your theoretical yield. pct yield is the efficiency of the reaction to get to the theoretical yield. Data Collection And Processing Raw Data Table 1 Substance / Object and weed Table Substance / Object Mass ( 0. 01 g) 200mL beaker 67. 38 0. 01 g 200mL beaker + Copper 69. 39 0. 01 g Copper 2. 01 0. 01 g 200mL beaker + modify Cop per 68. 01 0. 01 g Dried Copper 0. 63 0. 01 g Qualitative DataBefore the reaction, the Copper (II) Chloride hydrate is a blue crystallized substance, the Aluminum was shiny and made wavy sounds, it has a smooth metallic feel to it. During the reaction initially when stir ruby the water the water turns blue. When the aluminum is placed into the hydrous CuCl? the water becomes a darker squashy substance. Steam is coming out of the water and aluminum is visibly dissolving. The aluminum is also turning black and vapor is forming along the sides. Foam like red pieces are forming and dropping. As the solid turns completely red the liquid is becoming clear again and is colorless.

Citizens Identities in Public Documents

Contained herein is an article critique regarding exposure of individual(a) information through digitization projects that allow nonsensitive public access.The analysis will specifically deal with John Harneys Protecting Citizens Identities in Public Documents that highlights how a County document preservation department dealt with the egression of protecting public information effectively.In the understanding that exposing private data such as social security, bank account numbers and title deed, the Maricoba County Recorder embarked on an elaborative process of scanning and removing all the sensitive information from documents without diluting usefulness.The Countys efforts are heavy considering the dangers of exposing such data to other people. Indeed, the exposure would make it easy for phishers to wrap up information that is later used for identity theft. Harneys article is therefore an important eye-opener that it is possible for society to utilize new technologies effectiv ely without posing dangers to individuals private lives. Maricoba Countys processes should therefore be regarded as best practices in digitization field.This is especially because members of the public would be more supportive of such projects and therefore be more willing to volunteer donations and propositions. Such collaboration would help in the process of digitizing the millions, maybe billions, of documents and information whose digitization would improve public awareness on past and current issues affective respective society.In addition, the end of publics phobia of digitization and privacy will indeed be help in motivating technology makers in improving ways of improving security features further. John Harneys Protecting Citizens Identities in Public Documents is in this regard an important contribution to the debate of digitization and information security.ReferencesHarney, J. (2008). Protecting Citizens Identities in Public Documents. Retrieved March 3, 2009, from http// www.infonomics-digital.com/infonomics/20080304/?pg=60

Align Risk, Threats, & Vulnerabilities Essay

a. wildcat access from public internet HIGHb. drug user destroys selective information in application and deletes all files LOW c. Workstation OS has a known parcel photograph HIGH d. Communication circuit outages MEDIUMe. User inserts CDs and USB hard stabs with personal photos, music and videos on organization owned computers MEDIUM 2.a. PO9.3 Event Identification Identify holy terrors with potential negative impact on the enterprise, including business, regulatory, legal, technology, trading partner, human resources and operational aspects. b. PO9.4 danger Assessment Assess the likelihood and impact of dangers, apply qualitative and quantitative methods. c. PO9.5 Risk Response Develop a response designed to mitigate exposure to each risk Identify risk strategies such as avoidance, reduction, acceptance determine associated responsibilities and consider risk leeway levels.a. Unauthorized access from public internet AVAILABILITYb. User destroys data in applicatio n and deletes all files INTEGRITY c. Workstation OS has a known software photograph CONFIDENTIALITY d. Communication circuit outages AVAILABILITYe. User inserts CDs and USB hard drives with personal photos, music and videos on organization owned computers INTEGRITY 4.a. Unauthorized access from public internet Operating system, software patches, updates, change passwords often, and hardware or software firewall. b. User destroys data in application and deletes all files intimidate access for users to only those systems, applications, and data needed to perform their jobs. Minimize write/delete permissions to the data owner only. c. Workstation OS has a known software vulnerability Define a workstation application software vulnerability window policy. Update application software and credential patches according to defined policies, standards, procedures, and guidelines. d. Communication circuit outages the voice of countermeasures against catastrophic failures is not to e liminate them which is impossible, but to reduce their frequency and severity. e. User inserts CDs and USB hard drives with personal photos, music and videos on organization owned computers Disable internal CDdrives and USB ports. Enable automatic antivirus scans for inserted media drives, files and e-mail attachments. An antivirus scanning system examines all new files on your computers hard drive for viruses. Set up antivirus scanning for e-mails with attachments. The Risk Management Processa. note 1 Identify the hazardsb. Step 2 Decide who might be harmed and howc. Step 3 Evaluate the risks and decide on precautionsd. Step 4 Record your findings and implement theme. Step 5 Review your judging and update if necessary5.a. affright or Vulnerability 1* Information Social engineering/ install web filtering software. * applications programme Malicious and non-malicious threats consist of inside attacks by disgruntled or malicious employees and outside attacks by non-employees jus t looking to harm and disrupt an organization/ computer tribute, software quality, and data quality programs. * Infrastructure Terrorist organizations, both abroad and domestic/Natural forces such as time, weather and neglect. * People Careless employees/Educating usersb. Threat or Vulnerability 2* Information Intentional/Unintentional Action, battery backup/generator, journaling file system and RAID storage * Application Software bugs/ malicious act, antivirus protection and network firewalls * Infrastructure Power failure, Hardware failure/security fixes and system patches * People malicious act/ Educating usersc. Threat or Vulnerability 3* Information zero-hour or day zero/ Zero-day protection, Secure Socket Layer (SSL) * Application Keeping the computers software up-to-date * Infrastructure malicious software/analyze, test, report and mitigate. * People Careless employees/Educating users6. True or False COBIT P09 Risk Management controls objectives focus on assessm ent and management of IT risk. 7. Why is it important to addresseach identified threat or vulnerability from a C-I-A side?8. When assessing the risk impact a threat or vulnerability has on your information assets, why must you align this assessment with your Data Classification meter? How can a Data Classification Standard help you assess the risk impact on your information assets?9. When assessing the risk impact a threat or vulnerability has on your application and infrastructure, why must you align this assessment with both a server and application software vulnerability assessment and remediation plan?10. When assessing the risk impact a threat or vulnerability has on your people, we are concerned with users and employees within the User Domain as well as the IT security practitioners who must implement the risk mitigation steps identified.How can you communicate to your end-user community that a security threat or vulnerability has been identified for a production system or a pplication? How can you prioritize risk remediation tasks?11. What is the purpose of using the COBIT risk management framework and approach? Assess the likelihood and impact of risks, using qualitative and quantitative methods.12. What is the difference between effectiveness versus efficiency when assessing risk and risk management? Effectiveness is following the instruction of a specific job while efficiency is doing the instruction in lesser time and cost. They set up Effectiveness is doing whats right and efficiency is doing things rightly done.13. Which three of the seven focus areas pertaining to IT risk management are primary focus areas of risk assessment and risk management and directly relate to information system security?14. Why is it important to assess risk impact from four different perspectives as part of the COBIT P09 Framework? It assigns responsibility.15. What is the name of the organization who defined the COBIT P09 Risk Management Framework Definition? Informat ion Systems Audit and Control Association (ISACA).

Othello and the Outisder Essay

The capriole Othello by William Shakespeare, the retain A Clockwork Orange by Anthony Burgess and the opthalmic representation enrich sagaciousness of the concept of the foreigner through their use of both opthalmic and literary techniques to image outcast characters. The book A Clockwork Orange by Anthony Burgess enriches and explores the concept of the outsider through its use of first roundone narrative, motifs and rhetorical forefront and enriches our study of the outsider through its stageal of Alex, the protagonist, as an outsider.So I waited and, O my brothers, I got a lot better munching away at eggiwegs A Clockwork Orange is written simply in first person narrative, effectively making lecturers sympathetic towards Alexs character and by repeatedly addressing the earreach as O, my brothers as shown in the above quote, we are implicated in the actions taken by Alex. But in addressing the audience Alex separates himself from the action in the novel and presents h imself as an outsider. Nadsat is a form of slang, a motif in this novel, created by Burgess solely for the novel.The effect of its use is a disjointed one, readers father the novel feeling disoriented and confused. In act, this alienates the audience. However as we begin to go steady the language, it becomes a characteristic trademark of Alex, and thus estranges him from everyone else in the novel, as we begin to associate its use solely with him. Like just about bolshy gigantic like chel delight inck, like old Bog Himself (by courtesy of Korova Milkbar) round and turning and turning a vonny grahzny orange in his gigantic rookers This quote is taken from the abrogate of the novel.The use of nadsat at the end of the novel, when it has been discovered that his fellow droogs no longer use it, further alienates Alex. What does God requisite? Does God want worth or the choice of goodness? Is a man who chooses the bad perhaps in some way better than a man who has the good imposed upon him? In this quote, Burgess uses rhetorical question to make the audience think about the reconditioning that Alex has been subjected to and how, because his ability to make choices has been taken away from him, his actions become meaningless.Forcing the audience to consider this highlights Alexs outsider status. Using these literary techniques, Burgess establishes Alex as an outcast which in turn enriches our intellect of the outsider as in this novel we are able to explore the characterisation and actions of an anomic character. William Shakespeares Othello makes use of repetition, soliloquies and juxtaposition to depict Othello and Iago as outsiders, consequently enriching our study of the concept of the outsider.The repetition of racial epithets throughout the play cement Othellos outsider status. Examples include a Barbary horse and an old macabre ram The animalistic nature of these insults are a reflection of the racist attitudes that were commonplace in the troupe Shakespeare has created. Additionally, use of these epithets throughout the play continually degrade Othello and highlight his outcast status. Shakespeare uses soliloquies throughout Othello to reveal Iagos plan.However, the use of soliloquy by Iago as a means to communicate with the audience casts him as an outsider as he connects more with the audience rather than his fellow characters, effectively ostracising himself. An example of this can be seen in Iagos soliloquy in Act 2, Scene III And whats he w consequently that says I play the villain? When this advice is free I give and honest And out of her own goodness make the net That shall enmesh them all. It is soliloquies like these, wherein Iago explains his actions, which also assist in estranging him from the audience, as the reader is never given a otive for Iagos action only what they entail. Shakespeare also makes use of juxtaposition to beautify Othellos alienation from society. In the quote To fall in love with what s he feared to look on? Shakespeare juxtaposes the ideas of love and fear to describe Brabantios disbelief that his daughter, Desdemona, would marry a man like Othello. It highlights the racist attitudes of the Venetian society Shakespeare re-creates in his play, and emphasises Othellos outsider status.Shakespeares use of a variety of literary techniques to portray estranged characters enriches our study of the outsider as we are able to study and analyse these characters and therefore understand the nature of the outsider. The visual representation uses visual techniques such as gaze, motif, saturation and tone and texture to depict the outsider. The use of direct gaze forces a connection between both the character and the viewer, influencing the viewer. The use of colour, or lack thereof, places emphasis on the window frame hinting that the frame itself has a deeper meaning.The framing itself becomes a motif, as it is a depiction of how the way an alienated persona sees the outsid e world in the exact very(prenominal) way, no matter whether or not the person and surroundings change. In the visual representation, the use of colour on the framing only emphasises this feature giving it salience and it points out the fact that the framing is the only element that is repeated.. Additionally, the variety in tone and texture has a confusing and chaotic effect, reflecting the nature of the outsider.The visual produced, together with the original image, enriches study of the outsider as it passes comment (the nature of the outsider is perplexing and chaotic, however is relatively the same no matter who is outcast) on the nature of the outsider, thus we develop a deeper understanding of this concept. The play Othello, the book A Clockwork Orange and the visual representation make use of both visual and literary technique to enrich the study of the outsider. The use of these techniques assist in the exploration of characters that have been alienated, hence we are able to learn more about the concept of the outsider.

The HR Professional Map

In 2009 the CIPD conducted a report on what mankind resource pr corresponditioners did, their roles, and activities. They interviewed practitioners from a large number of professions across different sectors and the result was the production of the HR passkey map, that does not focus on job titles, but instead focused on the skills and behaviours. It is simple, flexible and stand be used as a whole or in part. Starting with and including the two nub master copy argonas, it consists of ten professional areas, viii behaviours and four competency bands.It describes what you need to know and what you need to do, indoors each professional area at four bands of professional competence. There are eight behaviours that need to be displayed by HR professionals these are, collaborative, driven to deliver, courage to challenge, role model, curious, decisive thinker, skilled influencer and personally conceivable. These behaviours are displayed in each of the professional areas. There ar e four bands of competence that define the character of professionals at each stage of their career, it details the dealingship with client, benefit to client ,focus of activity and where time is spent.It overly details measures of success and contribution and the relative skill balance between behaviours and technical ability. The two hollow professional areas that relate to all HR professionals, at all career levels and job roles, these are Insight, strategy and solutions. There are five activity areas, building a picture, developing actionable insight, delivering situational HR solutions that hold and building capacity and expertness that detail tasks that you are required to perform in each capability band. There are as well as four areas of knowledge.Business, contextual and organic lawal knowledge and HR professional knowledge. Leading HR, profit delivery and information. There are six activity areas, along with tasks performed at each band level, theses are Persona l leadership,Leading others, Leading IssuesHR function design and service delivery,HR resource planning and development, delivering value and mathematical process in HR teams and managing HR budgets and finances. The knowledge areas for this core professional area are Leadership, HR service delivery models, Commissioning services and Resource, Performance and Financial management.Employee relations is one of the remaining eight professional areas, an Employee relations professional is required to display knowledge of a strong understanding of employment law, or can access relevant,current and planned changes to laws relevant to the organisation. There is also a requirement to identify and act to mitigate risk to the organisation, have the knowledge of employee relations risks, and is able to coach managers to resolve retires, they will also know how to analyse, collate and feedback on communications and messages heard.Activities completed by an Employee relations practitioner are classify under the headings, Employee relations strategy, policy and practice. Policy, advice and guidance. Complex casework. Collective negotiation and consultation and Health and well being. When an Employee relations Practitioner is displaying competences in band two they will be reactive in most activities, issue lead dealing with current or near term issues. Behaviours that I consider to be displayed by an Employee relations Practitioner are being a decisive thinker, driven to deliver, courage to challenge, personally credible and a role model.The activities I consider to be relevant to an ER advisor in the organisation I worked in are to develop comprehensive guidance to managers on ER issues, give ideal and prehend advice , training and support managers. Work closely with managers, instructing them on their role and required actions, keeping appropriate records and represent the organisation at external tribunals. The skill balance between technical ability and behaviours displayed should be 5050 and a measure of success would be for issues/ problems satisfactory resolved and repeat business.

Iron Crowned Chapter 18

It truly matte like that, like I was killing a living thing. And in a way, I was. I was destroying the territorys connection to Katrice. The land and its monarch are one. Kind of an esoteric concept solely, well, the truth. Id certainly felt it in the gummed label Land. It was why I couldnt ever bind away from that kingdom for very long. It c anyed to me. It was partition of me.And so, I was essenti in every last(predicate)y cutting a living thing in two. White-hot power ruin through me as I did, the crowns magic connecting with my own and pouring into the dirt below. I had comminuted wiz of my surroundings, save Katrice screaming. Below me, in a spiritual sort of way, I could feel the land resisting at first. It didnt postulate to break its ties. In the end, it had zero(prenominal)choice. The crowns magic was too strong. Seconds, minutes, hours I dont k today how long it took, plausibly hardly any time at all. But suddenly, it was done. The crowns power faded from me , and the land lay there open and unclaimed. Raw and wounded.As the magics haze wore induce rid of, the rest of the world slowly shifted backrest into focus for me. I stared around at the gaping faces and at Katrice, huddled and sobbing. I thought shed aged before, save it was zero point compared to now. Being ripped from the land had devastated her. Her dark hair was almost all gray now, her face gaunt and lined.And all around all around, the land was restless. I could feel its energy, calling out reaching out enthusiastic for a new master. Hardly any of the people gathered showed any recognition of this. They were muted honoring the drama of me and Katrice. A few spectators had puzzled looks on their faces, as though they too could hear the land.It was because they were mightily enough to take it, I concreteized. The land was already seeking those who possessed the strength to join with it, and looking up, I saw from Cassiuss face that he could sense that. Katrices son hadnt had the power to claim a kingdom, still her nephew did.So, for my next impulsive act of the day, I stuck my free egest into the ground. Just like the exsert time, state that started off hard and ungiving soon grew soft and warm. My hand sank into the earth, and I was wel issued, as though individual were clasping my hand in return. Warmth filled my body, a comforting warmth very different from the crowns searing heat. I unsympathetic my eyes, striving to stay with that connection, to show I was worthy. Part of me was already given over to the Thorn Land. I had to fight to claim this land as well.Then, I felt it. I felt the land give me. And as it did, the ground began to shake. At first, I thought it was skilful few aftereffect of the magic, but hence I remembered what had kick downstairsed when the Thorn Land had bound itself to me. The land took on the form that spoke to my soul, that was natural and right to me. Aesons actor kingdom had shaped itself into th e Sonora Desert, the land of my birth. The rowan tree Land was trying to do the same thing.No, no Not again. A semi-tropical kingdom transforming into a desert had wreaked havoc on its residents. Wed faced starvation, drought, poverty. It was exclusively recently that the kingdom had gotten on its feet again, becoming prosperous and self-sustaining. I wouldnt go through that again. Frantically, I time-tested to think of some precedent(a) form. But what? I hardly ever left the southwestern joined States. A quick image of the Catalina mountains flashed into my mind, the slopes snowy and pine-covered like the day Kiyo and I had fought the demon. I could feel the land start to grip that picture, and I yanked it away. This kingdom had some small mountains, but that was a tiny dowery of its terrain. I couldnt turn this place into Switzerland or Nepal.Stay the same, stay the same, I begged the land. For the sake of its occupants, I infallible the landscape to remain unchanged. It was difficult, though. The land wanted to bond to me, to what was ingrained within my soul. Thinking back to the travel here, I tried to picture the rows and rows of cherry trees along the road. I remembered the sun shining through other deciduous trees and flowers growing in clusters. I thought about the stretch of rowan trees. Stay the same, stay the same.Gradually, the earth around me began to slow its shaking and last stop except for one spot. Not out-of-the-way(prenominal) from where I rested my hand, the ground cracked open and leaves and branches volley through. I scurried back, fixing in as much awe as I had the first time a magical tree burst forth, growing and unfurling its leaves to full-size in seconds. I held my breath, wondering what it would be, this tree that dictated my new kingdoms nature.It was a rowan tree.I wasnt the only one who thought this was weird. Didnt you claim it? asked Jasmine, puzzled. I rose to my feet beside her, brushing dust off of my jeans.I Had I? That was a rowan tree, making this by all Otherworldly reasoning the rowan Land. Which is what it had been already. Maybe it hadnt worked. Maybe the crown hadnt done what I expected it to. Maybe Katrice had won it back somehow.But, no. There it was. I felt it. The land. The earth. The rocks. Every leaf and flower. The scents, the colors they were all sharper and much intense. If I opened myself up, I could feel every single piece of this land. It hummed. It buzzed. The energy was dizzying, and I forced myself to shut down it out for a moment.No, I told Jasmine, wonderingly. Its mine. I stared at the rowan tree, more perfect than any real one could be, its orange-colored berries bright against green leaves swaying in the breeze. I reached out and stroked one of the leaves, vaguely aware of Katrice hush up sobbing. A tingle of power ran through me. Its still the Rowan Land except, its my Rowan Land.Things were a little awkward after that.The soldiers were no longer tr ying to imprison me, but they also werent ready to take off at my every order. My companions were of little use. Imanuelle, per her nature, was content to sit back and watch the mess Id stumbled into. Kiyo wore a judge look on his face, and I feared Id arouse a lecture coming later. Jasmine still seemed to be in shock. The only time she came to life was when I debated what to do with Katrice and Cassius. Unsurprisingly, Jasmines suggestion was to kill them.Confine them to her rooms, I ordered, hoping someone would obey me. Guard them with I was loving of at a loss. Theoretically, gentry knew how this worked. Whoever influenceled the land govern, but I wasnt entirely sure the guards around here would be so keen about imprisoning the woman who had ruled them ten minutes ago. Volusian, I thought. outright that I was in control, I could summon him without fear. Then, I established I motivatinged him for more important things. I looked pleadingly at Kiyo, needing no words.He nodd ed. Ill watch them. He turned abruptly, urging the former royalty inside with a couple of guards whod decided to get on board with me right away. Kiyo being on guard served two purposes. I could trust him to do a good job and, the longer he did, the longer I was safe from his disapproval.I then spoke the words to bring Volusian to me, the sight of him further frightening those who already watched me with terror. Id allow the storm dissipate, but darkness still seemed to wrap around my minion as his red eyes assessed me, the weightlift Crown, and the tree.Unexpected, he verbalize.Go to Rurik, I told him. Explain what happened and have him bring an occupying force here immediately. I didnt know what that meant exactly, but I did know military control took precedence here if we were going to secure the land. Rurik would know what to do. Governing would come later. And then Now I hesitated. Have Shaya contact Dorian about what happened. Then return to me.Volusian paused, wait for anything else I might add. When nothing more came, he vanished, and the sun seemed to shine a little brighter. It was all a waiting game now, and I glanced around at the Rowan Lands still-stunned residents.Well thats it. Carry on as usual. Guard the gates. No one leaves. And you go get your soup or whatever youre eating. That was for the civilians. When no one moved, I hardened my expression and repeated my orders more loudly. Fear flashed across the Rowan citizens faces, and they sprang into action.This privileged courtyard was huge, and I spotted an unoccupied spot near some carts that must have delivered supplies earlier. I walked over to them, Jasmine following, and sat on the ground. It was a weird spot for a queen, I supposed, but I wanted to rest while waiting for Rurik. Plus, it still let me keep an eye on this light-handed and dangerous situation. The bulk of the guards were out here, and I didnt think mutiny was out of the question yet. People were lamentable after m y commands, but it was mostly to gather in anxious clusters and discuss what had happened.Jasmine sighed and leaned her head back against the wall. I want to go home, she said.We will. As soon as Rurik gets here, well head back to the castle and let him hatful with this.No. Her voice was small. My other home. The human world.I turned to her in astonishment, dragging my esteem from some peasants who were begging the guards to let them out. What? But you hate that world. You always said this is where you fit in.It is, she agreed. But I just want I want to get away from all this for a little while. From magic. And castles. And whatever. I want to watch TV. I maybe want to see Wil. I want to charge my iPod. And my playlist doesnt suck.I couldnt help a laugh. I kind of want all those things too. Well go soon. Well well cut those chains. I-Im sorry I dont have the key with me.She shrugged. Its fine. Kiyos going to be upset about all this, I murmured, surprised to be confiding in her. You did the right thing, Jasmine said. I mean, aside from not killing Katrice and Cassius. But you can still do that.Any residual smile left on my lips vanished. Cassius They were lying, she said bluntly. He didnt do anything.Jasmine Im serious. She looked at me, her blue-gray gaze level and steady. He chew outed a lot of talk when he came to see me touched me a little. But that was it. I think they just wanted to scare me.She didnt elaborate on the touching. I didnt ask. I was just relieved she hadnt gone through what I had. Im sorry, I told her. Im sorry I didnt protect you better.Now she smiled. You did fine. And hey, you ended the war, right? You won.I turned away, staring off into space. I guess I did.We didnt talk much after that. I was tired, exhausted from all the magic. Apparently, using an ancient, powerful artifact wasnt as blue-blooded as it seemed. Neither was proving your dominance over a large piece of land. Id felt wiped out last time but had gotten out of the Tho rn Land as quickly as possible. Now, sitting here, I was stuck in the Rowan Land, still acutely aware of its every sensation. That intensity would fade, just as it had with the Thorn Land, but for now, it was like a hammer banging inside my head, demanding attention.I practically flew to the gate when Rurik arrived. formerly admitted, he and the force behind him paused. Studying the situation, he had a reaction similar to Volusians.Really?Things happened kind of fast, I admitted.It was well done. Possessing this land was a much better idea than simply defeating Katrice in battle.I scowled. Well, can you possess it for now?He grinned. Gladly.Turning from me, he fixed a hard gaze on those gathered. Youre all now subjects of Queen Eugenie, daughter of Tirigan Storm King, he barked. Kneel.I looked on imperiously as they obeyed. I knew this was necessary to establish our control. No weakness, no hesitation. We were conquerors. Id long since taken off the Iron Crown but wished Id brought my normal one of authority. Oh, well. It wasnt like I couldve foreseen this when packing.Everyone in the keep fell to their knees, heads bowed. We let them stay like that for several seconds while my stomach sank. Finally, they were allowed to rise, and Rurik kicked into full martial law mode, demanding an assessment of all soldiers and issuing rules for servants and refugees. He had a few tasks for me more actions that made me seem queenly before finally declaring I could leave.Ill sort out the immediate problems, he told me in a low voice. My own soldiers were now out and about, establishing order. Well lock this place down, start scouting the immediate area, sifting out those who can be trusted. He paused eloquently. Ill probably have to throw a large part of their military into the dungeon.Do what you have to do, I said. I had a feeling hed eventually want to talk executions but was holding back for now. I imagined I looked as tired as I felt.And you simply want to imprison t he former queen for now? he asked.For now.Jasmine scoffed beside me, and Ruriks expression showed he shared her opinion.Well, dont stay away long, he said. You need to make your presence felt. And you need to connect with the land.I know, I know, I grumbled. Id avoided the Thorn Land before, but it had kept calling me back. I know how this works.He arched an eyebrow, that sardonic smile of his returning. Do you? Do you know whats happened?I threw my hands up, gesturing around. I got stuck with another kingdom.Do you know how many other monarchs control more than one kingdom?I shook my head, presuming whoever did must live far from me.No one, said Rurik.I What? No. Dorian had mentioned conquering more than one land, making me think it must happen now and then. The Iron Crowns purpose suggested as much. There must be someone else.No one, Rurik repeated. Youre the only one. The only one in ages well, except for Storm King.The world swayed around me again. I once more just wanted to g o somewhere and lie down. My reaction brought a bigger smile to Ruriks face, but I swore there was a little sympathy in his eyes too.Congratulations, he said. Congratulations, Eugenie Queen of Rowan and Thorn.

Listening to Rap: Cultures of Crime, Cultures of Resistance

Listening to misfortune finishs of offensive activity, Cultures of Resistance Julian Tanner, University of Toronto Mark Asbridge, Dalhousie University Scot Wortley, University of Toronto This research compargons representations of cut off symphony with the self-reported criminal conduct and resistant artirudes of the symphonys core audience. Our entropybase is a monstrous sample of Toronro high civilise studenrs (n = 3,393) from which we identify a collection of listeners, whose combination of unisonal likes and dislikes distinguish them as ten-strike univores.We and so examine the relationship mingled with their ethnic gustatory sensation for cuff melody and betrothal in a culture of crime and their perceptions of complaisant outrage and inequity. We queue thar the ping univores, likewise kat one time as urban medicinal drug enthusiasts, report significantly oft than delinquent behavior and stronger feelings of inequity and injustice than listeners wit h different medicational perceptivenesss. However, we likewise find thar the nature and strengths of those relationships vary according to rhe racial identity of dis alike groups within urban medicament enthusiasts.Black and white subgroups align themselves with resistance representations while Asiatics do non whites and Asians report significant pastime in crime and delinquency, while depresseds do non. Fin eithery, we discuss our findings in precipitate of research on media make and audience reception, spring chicken subcultures and venture-sub heathen epitome, and the sociology of pagan consumption. Thinking About cut The outlet and spectacular growth of stripe is probably the much or less important development in popular music since the rise of rock n roll in the late 1940s.Radio airplay, music video programming and sales figures ar obvious testimonies to its popularity and commercial success. This was made particular propositionly patent in October 200 3 when, according to the recording fabrication bible Billboard mzgnzme, all top 10 acts in the United States were spigot or belt artists and again in 2006, when the Academy award for Best Song went to Its Hard Out Here for a Pimp, a cut song by the group Husde & Flow. Such developments whitethorn also signal lashs change magnitude kindly acceptance and cultural legitimization (Baumann 2007). However, its reputation and situation in the melodic field has, hitherto, been a arguable unityness.Like new music before it (jazz, rock n roll), rap has been critically re soak uped as a virulent influence on young and impressionable listeners (Best 1990 Tatum 1999 Tanner 2001 Sacco and Kennedy 2002 Alexander 2003). Whether rap has been reviled as frequently as jazz and rock n roll at one time were is a moot point rather more certain(p) is its pre-eminent role as a problematic contemporary musical genre. Direct correspondence to Julian Tanner, division of loving Science Univers ity of Toronto at Scarborough, 1265Military Trail, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada, MIC 1A4. Telephone (416) 287-7293.E-mail Julian. emailprotected ca. rh8 Uniiersily of north-central Carolina Press genial Forces 88121 693-722, December 2009 694 amicable Forces 88(2) In an important information of representations of popular music. Binder (1993) examined how print journalists wrote to the highest degree rap and heavy surface in the 1980s and 1990s. While both argon devalued genres (Roe 1995), she nevertheless contends that they atomic number 18 putd otherwise the presumed harmful effects of heavy coat be limited to the listeners themselves, w hereas rap is seen as more socially damaging (for a similar distinction, see Rose 1994).The lyrical circumscribe of the two genres is established as one source of this differential framing rap lyrics be engraft to be more denotative and provocative (greater usage of concentrated swear words, for example) than heavy metal lyrics. The second positionor involves assumptions made (by journalists) active the racial reputation of audiences for heavy metal and rap-the former believed to be white suburban younkerfulness, the latter urban lightlessness youth. According to Binder, rap invites more public concern and censorious complaint than heavy metal because of what was assumed to be its largely bootleg fan base.At the same time, she identifies an important counter frame, one component of which elevates rap (but not heavy metal) to the status of an art form with serious political content. In both the mainstream press (i. e.. The impudent York Times) and publications targeting a predominately black readership (i. e.. Ebony and/i), she finds rap lauded for the salutary lessons that it imparts to black youth regarding the realities of urban living likewise, rap artists atomic number 18 applauded for their importance as role models and mentors to inner-city black youth.Thus, while rap has been framed negative ly, as a contributor to an array of social problems, crime and delinquency in particular, it has also been celebrated and championed as an authentic expression of cultural resistance by underdogs against racial exploitation and disadvantage. How these differing representations of rap energy resonate with audience members was not part of Binders research mandate. Furthermore, while she does ack at one timeledge that ournalistic perceptions of the racial patch of the rap audience atomic number 18 not needs accurate-that more white suburban youth, even in the 1980s and 1990s, might bedevil been consuming the music than black inner-city youth-this acknowledgment does not alter her green light or her argument. At this point in time, when the listening audience for rap music has both expand and become increasingly diverse, our research concerns how young black, white and Asian rap fans in Toronto, Canada relate to a musical form still viewed primarily in monetary value of its crim inal and resistant nitty-grittys. investigateing Rap lots of the early work on audiences preoccupied itself with investigating the harmful effects of media exposure, especially the effects of depictions of military unit in movies and TV on real life criminal events. Results pass gen datelly been inconclusive, with gigantic inequality in the social science research community regarding the influence of the media on those watching the large ot splendid screen (Curran 1990 Abercrombie and Longhurst 1998 Freedman 2002 Sacco and Kennedy 2002 Alexander 2003 novelman 2004 Savage 2004 Longhurst 2007). Listening to Rap 695Listening to popular music has, on occasion, been said to produce too negative effects, although these too have proven difficult to verify. For example, in one high profile case in the 1980s, the heavy metal band Judas Priest was accused of producing put down material (songs) that contained subliminal messaging diat led to the suicides of two fans. This read was n ot, however, healthyly validated because the judge compass the case remained unconvinced just well-nigh a causal link upage betwixt the music and the self-destructive behavior of two individuals (Walser 1993).Strong arguments for the ill effects of media consumption rest on the assumption that audiences are advantageously and direcdy influenced by the media, with frequent analogies made to hypodermic syringes that inject messages into gullible and homogenous audiences (Abercrombie and Longhurst 1998 Alexander 2003 Longhurst 2007). In contesting this view of audience passivity, critics also propose that texts are open to more than one interpretation. Again, TV udiences have been see more frequently than audiences for popular music, although research on the latter has illustrated how song lyrics are not necessarily construed the same charge by adolescents and adults. Research conducted by Prinsky and Rosenbaum (1987) delegates that songs identified by adults as containing d eviant content (references to sex, violence, alcohol and drug use, Satanism) were not similarly categorized by adolescents.Evidence that at that place are diflferent ship canal of watching television or listening to recorded music has led to an alternative conception of audiences-one more concerned with what audiences do with the media than what the media does to audiences. The development within communications research of the uses and gratifications model (McQuail 1984) is one resolving power, with TV once more the media form most ordinaryly investigated.Nonetheless, a few studies have documented how young lot listen to popular music in order to satisfy needs for entertainment and relaxation (among other priorities), and utilize it as an accompaniment to other everyday activities, such as homework and household chores (Roe 1985 Prinsky and Rosenbaum 1987). more(prenominal) recent research has added identity construction as a need that popular music might fill for young listen ers (Roe 1999 Gracyk 2001 Laughey 2006).One particular usage emphasized by British cultural Marxists associated with the now defunct Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies has focused attention on how active media audiences counter preponderating cultural messages in their consumption of popular culture. In what has, by now, become a familiar story, a series of music- base, post-war youth cultures (Teddy Boys, Mods, Rockers, Skinheads, Punks) in the United nation have been represented as symbolically resisting the plethoric normative order (Hall and Jefferson 1976 Hebdige 1979).This argument has, however, relied on a rendition of cultural texts and artifacts for its evidentiary base, rather than observations of, or information from, subcultural participants themselves (Cohen 1980 Frith 1985 Tanner 2001 Bennett 2002 Alexander 2003). 696 Social Forces 8S(2) More recently, the utility of the term subculture for understanding young concourses joint involvements in mu sic has been questioned. The focus of this criticism is, once again, the Birmingham school and its conceptualization of subculture. Its critics argue that, nder conditions of post ripeity, music audiences have fragmented, and young bulk are no longer participants in distinctive subcultural groups (Bennett 1999b Muggleton 2000). Instead of subcultures, they are now involved vith neo tribes and mental pictures (i. e. , Bennett 1999b Bennett and Kahn-Harris 2004 Hesmondhalgh 2005 Longhurst 2007 Hodkinson 2008). Post subcultural research has been much less inclined than the Birmingham era researchers to decode and decipher texts, and much more probably to engage in ethnographic studies of music and youth groups (Bennett 2002).However, while there has been occasional work on modes of (female) resistance in the tween scene (Lowe 2004) and riot girrrl scene (Schily 2004), there has been no equivalent research on rap scenes and resistance. Examinations of audience receptions of rap are not numerous and have been of two main kinds a few studies have explored how young people perceive and evaluate the music, while others have studied the harmful effects of rap by trying to link consumption of the music with various negative consequences.An early study by Kuwahara (1992) finds rap to be more popular with black than white college students, and more popular among males than females. However, reasons for liking the music varied little by race, with both black and white audience members prioritizing the beat over the message. A more recent study by Sullivan (2003) reports few racial differences in liking the music, although black teenagers were more committed to the genre and more likely to view rap as life affirming (Berry 1994) than those from other racial backgrounds.In a secondary but important study conducted in California, Mahiri and Connor (2003) investigated 41 black middle school students perceptions of violence and thoughts active rap music. In focus group se ssions and personal interviews, informants revealed a strong liking for rap music, valuing the fact that it spoke to their everyday concerns about growing up in a poorly resourced community. They did not, however, like the way that rap music on occasion (mis)represented the experiences of black people in the United States.They challenged the misogyny evident in some rap videos and rejected what they saw as the glamorization of violence. Overall, their critical and nuanced engagement with rap music fitted poorly with depictions of media audiences as easily swayed by popular culture (Sacco 2005). The search for the harmful effects of rap music has yielded no more definitive results than earlier quests for media effects.While some studies report recount of increased violence, delinquency, substance use, and unsafe sexual performance resulting from young peoples exposure to rap music (Wingood et al. 2003 subgenus Chen et al. 2006), other researchers have failed to find such a link or have exercised extreme charge when interpreting apparent connect. One review of the writings, conducted in the 1990s, could find a total of only social club investigations-all of them Listening to Rap 697 mall-scale, none involving the general adolescent population-and concluded that there was an even split hetween those that found some sort of an association between exposure to the music and various deviant or unenviable outcomes, and those that could find no connection at all Moreover, in those studies where the music and the wrongdoing were linked, investigators were very circumspect about whether or not they were observing a causal relationship, and if so, which came first, the music or the violent dispositions (Tatum 1999). A mote recent investigation conducted in Montreal is illustrative of such interpretative problems.While a preference for rap was found to predict deviant behavior among 348 Frenchspeaking adolescents, causal ordering could not be established, nor an extra possibility ruled out that other factors might be responsible for both the musical insight and the deviant behavior (Miranda and Claes 2004). The notion that rap is or can be represented as cultural resistance-the counter frame identified by Binder-has become increasingly prominent in the rap literature over the past 20 years (Rose 1994 Krims 2000 Keyes 2002 Quinn 2005). In his influential defend.Why White Kids Love rosehip Hop Wankstas, Wiggers, Wannabes, and the new Reality of prevail in America, Kitwana (2005) expounds at length on his emancipatory view of raps history and development. Kitwana sees belt as a form of protest music, offering its listeners a message ofresistance. He also makes the supererogatory claim that the resistive appeal of hip-hop is not restricted to black youth. Indeed, as the tide of his book suggests, he is patticularly interested in the patronage of rap music by white youth, those young people who might be seen as the contemporary equivalents of Mailers White Negro or Keys Negro Wannabes. (Keyes 2002250) In his view, the global diffusion of rap rests on the musics capacity for resonating with the experiences ofthe downtrodden and marginalized in a variety of cultural contexts. Quinn (2005) similarly explains the crossover appeal of gangsta rap in the United States in terms ofthe common sensibilities and insecurities shated by post Fordist youth. She continues m whatsoever(prenominal) young whites, facing bleak labor market prospects, were also eager for stories about shut downly money and authentic belonging to ward off a creeping sense of placelessness and dispossession. (Quinn 200585-86) Thus, raps appeal is as much about class as it is about race. Nor is the resistive view of rap restricted to the North American continent. At least one French study-conducted in advance ofthe riots in the fall of 2005 -has mention how French Rap has become the music of choice for young people of visible minority short letter who have grown up in the suburban ghettos (Les Cities) of study cities. They have been routinely exposed to law harassment on the streets, subjected to prejudice and favouritism at school, and struggled to find decent housing and appropriate jobs (Bouchier 1999, cited in Miranda and Claes 2004).The idea that popular music might serve as an important reference point for contumacious or resistive adolescents is not a new one. As we have already noted, this is how a British school of subcultural analysis once interpreted the cultural activity of wotking-class youth in the United Kingdom (Hall and Jefferson 1976 Hebdige 698 Social Forces 88(2) 1979). Some attempt has been made to understand rap fandom in similar terms. Bennetts (1999a) ethnographic study, traffic circle in Newcastle, reveals how one group of white rappers translate the racial politics of blacks into the language of class divisions in the United Kingdom.However, for the most part there has been limited application of t his kind of analysis to young peoples involvement with rap music. Rap scholars who construe the music as an authentic expression of cultural resistance tell against exploitation and disadvantages at school, on the streets, or in the labor market, do so primarily without much input from the young people who make up its listening audience. Because they have not often been canvassed for their views about the music, we do not know to what degree they share in or identify with the message of resistance readily ound in content analysis of the rap idiom (Martinez 1997 Negus 1997 Krims 2000 Stephens and Wright 2000 Bennett 2001 Sullivan 2003 Kubrin 2005 Quinn 2005 Lena 2006). Thus contemporary rap intelligence follows British subcultural theory in gleaning evidence of resistance from the texts, not the audience. Resistance is sought, and found, in the words and music rather than in the activities and ideologies of subcultures or audience members. We can suggest, echoing Alexanders (2003) earlier critique of British cultural studies, that the audience for rap music has been theorized rather more thoroughly than it has been investigated.The Present Study The present study is concerned with three key questions First, is there a relationship between audiences for rap and representations of the music? Second, as compared to other listening audiences, are serious rap fans participants in cultures of crime and resistance? Third, if such a link is found, what are the sources of variation in their participation in these cultures of crime and resistance? The need to palm these questions, as we see it, emerges from several limitations in the existing research on rap.These limitations are as follows First, there is a significant disjuncture between dominant representations of the music as a source of social harms and evidence unambiguously supportive of this proposition. Second, the case for a resistant view of rap music is commonly advanced, as we have already intimated, by examination of the designs and intentions of musical creators, both artists and producers, as well as music critics. We do not know whether or not resistant messages register and resonate with those who listen to the music.Third, we do not have an accurate gauging of the sociodemographic composition, particularly racial and ethnic, of the audience for rap music. Raps dominance of the youth market is widely understood as a crossover effect-the original black audience now joined by legions of white fans (Spiegler 1996 Yousman 2003). However, purchasing habits-the usual arbiter for claims about raps increasing popularity with white consumers-whitethorn not be an entirely reliable round of either raps popularity or racial and ethnic variations therein (Krims 2000 Quinn 2005).The ashes devised by the recording industry to gauge record Listening to Rap 699 sales-Nielson Soundscape-does not gather data on the race, or indeed any other personal characteristic, of purchasers. What it does do is categorize sales in terms of whether they were made in retail stores in high-income locations or in lowincome locations. Record companies, journalists or academics then choose to equate those high-income sales with white suburban youth, and low-income sales with inner-city black youth, but are doing so without any direct measures of the racial background or identity of buyers (Kitwana 2005).Moreover, it has been argued that sales figures under represent the hear preferences of the poor. (Quinn 200583) As Rose (1994) explains it, in the black community, particularly in impoverished neighborhoods, many more rap CDs are listened to than bought-a single purchase being passed on from one fan to another(prenominal). Similarly, homemade tapes and bootleg CDs are often produced and shared within local fan networks.The implications of this point are clear enough the annexation of rap music by suburban white teens might not be as grand as is commonly supposed. Finally, we do not kno w whether or how the rap audience relates to the dominant frame of the music as a catalyst for crime and delinquency or to the counter frame of the music as an articulator of social inequity. The mainstreaming of rap may have cost the genre its underground or counter-culture status as protest music, or made it less attractive to delinquent rebels.Rap also may play no part in crime or resistance subcultures because, under post modern conditions, young people have become increasingly eclectic and individualized in their musical tastes the close relationship between musical tastes and lifestyles, implied by subcultural theory, no longer applies. On this formulation, therefore, we would not expect to find strong connections between a preference for rap music and subcultures of crime and subcultures of resistance. On the other hand, reasons for believe that rap music may be a basis for subcultural lifestyles, at least among black youth, are more compelling.At the time that we were conduc ting our research there was considerable debate, in the local media and among local politicians, about paying backs involving race and crime-racial profiling and the desirability of collecting race-based crime statistics, for example. Contributing to this debate were findings from another study, confirming what black youths in Canada have always suspected, namely that they are much more likely to be at random stopped and searched by police officers than are members of other racial and ethnic groups-even when their own self-repotted deviant activity is statistically controlled for (Wordey and Tanner 2005).In sum, contemporaneous research on the media coverage of race and crime in Toronto newspapers carried out by Wortley (2002), found black people disproportionately portrayed in a define range of roles and activities (principally those involving crime, sports and entertainment) than members of other racial and ethnic groups and when featured in crime stories, depicted primarily as offenders. Capricious policing and media misrepresentation may therefore contribute to a sense of injustice among black youth, a sense of injustice that has them gravitating to rap as an emblem of cultural resistance. 00 Social Forces SS2) Commercial success and chaste valorization has not diminished rap musics capacity to provoke moral panic. The music is still seen as threatening, severe and socially damaging by many political figures and established authority. Previous research suggests that negative media coverage ofthe cultural preferences and practices of adolescents often intensifies subcultural identifications (Cohen 1973 Fine and Kleinman 1979 Thornton 1995). Rap based moral panics may therefore tighten connections between the music and delinquent lifestyles and/or resistive attitudes and behaviors.The lack of attention paid to raps consumers renders these questions relatively open ones, the meaning of rap music still to be discovered. Methods Whereas most contempora ry research on rap focuses on those who create the music-artists and producers, and those who write about it, music critics-we pose questions about raps audience. Further, while audience studies usually give qualitative data-gathering techniques (for example, Morley 1980 Radway 1984 Shively 1992), we use the methods of postdate research. We are more concerned with how audience members interact with the music than with the issue of cause and effect.We are interested in how music might be used as a resource in their everyday lives (Willis 1990 DeNora 2000), how it might contribute to identity formation (Roe 1999) and, especially, how audiences might align themselves with (or outer space themselves from) cultures of crime and resistance. Nonetheless, in our analyses, we treat rap fandom as a dependent variable. While there is considerable academic and public debate about whether music produces or is a product of cultural activities, legal or otherwise, existing research has failed t o provide a compelling or consistent rationale for any particular causal logic.As we have seen, the idea that exposure to rap music causes crime is not unequivocally supported in the research literature. Research on resistant youth cultures, by contrast, is much more likely to reverse the relationship and see musical style as a result of subcultural activity (Willis 1978 Hebdige 1979). Hebdige, for example, infers that punk rock in the United Kingdom was a cultural response to the domination of existing working-class youth groups. Laing (1985) has countered that punk the musical genre existed before punk the subculture.In the absence of agreement about the direction of the relationship between musical taste and cultural practices, our decision to operationalize rap appreciation as a dependent variable is made more for pragmatic, heuristic reasons than unassailable conjectural ones. Our strategy is to focus on listening preferences rather than purchasing habits. By asking student s to report on and evaluate the music that they like, dislike and in what combinations, we gain a clearer and more detailed picture of where rap is situated in the consumption patterns of groups of students differentiated by, among other factors, their racial identity.Our goals are to (1. distinguish students with a serious, undivided taste for rap from more casual fans (2. to calculate the Listening to Rap 701 size and racial typography of rap musics prime audience and (3. to map relationships between that core audience and resistant and delinquent repertoires. a couple of(prenominal) surveys of general populations of young people have established any kind of connection between rap and deviancy, net of other factors. We contend that raps reputation as a corrosive force is validated by that linkage, and that without it that representation becomes more ontestable. A similar logic applies to the relationship between rap and social protest. The claim that the music carries a seriou s message-that it is an expression of resistant values and perceptions-is substantiated with evidence of a link between the music and a collective sense of inequity, and weakened by its absence. Data The data for this research are drawn from the Toronto Youth Crime and Victimization Study, a stratified cross-sectional survey of Toronto adolescents carried out from 1998 by means of 2000 (Tanner and Wordey 2002).Self-administered questionnaires were consummate by 3,393 Toronto students ages 13-18, from 30 Metropolitan Toronto high schools in both die Cadiolic (10 schools) and larger cosmos School (20 schools) systems. Within individually school, one class from each grade, 9 (ages 13 and 14) with 13 (ages 18 and 19), was randomly selected. The overall response rate was 83 percent (83. 4% for Catholic vs. 83. 1% for public schools), and is a conservative estimate as it was based on the number of students enrolled in each class rather than those present the day of the study.Informed consent was given for participation in the study. Surveys were completed during class under the supervision of a member of the research squad (and without a teacher present) and took virtually 45 minutes to complete. The survey asked young people about a broad range of topics, including family life, educational experiences, leisure activities, delinquent involvement, victimization experiences and so forth. The survey instrument was designed by members of the research team and evolved out of a series of 11 focus groups with adolescents in Toronto schools.The completed survey was reviewed by a series of institutional ethics boards, including those at the University of Toronto, the Toronto Public School Board and the Catholic School Board. As the survey does not include high school dropouts, institutionalized youth and street youth, it is a school sample and thus any generalizations speak only to the experiences of school-based adolescents. Our sample is ethnically and racially dive rse and is good example of the Metropolitan Toronto high school population. Measures unisonal Preferences Guided by Bourdieus work (1984) and Petersons recasting of musical taste in terms of omnivorous and univorous patterns (1992), we focus our attention on 702 Social Forces 88(2 how musical choices are unite if young people desire (or disliked) one style or genre, what other styles or genres did they like or dislike (what Van Eijck 2001 has referred to as combinatorial logic). Indicators of musical taste were derived from the question How much do you like each of the pursual types of music? Respondents were then asked to evaluate each of 11 contempotary musical genres Soul, beatnik and Blues, Jazz, renal pelvis/Hop and Rap, Reggae and Dance Hall, Classical and Opera, Country and New Country, Pop, Alternative (including Punk, Grunge), Heavy Metal (Hard Rock), social euphony (traditional/ cultural), and Techno (Dance). melodious tastes were assessed on a five-point Likert sc ale that addresses whether respondents liked the musical genre very much, instead a lot, a little bit, not very much or not at all. impertinent previous research that dichotomized musical tastes, focusing exclusively on the musical genres most liked (Peterson and furnish 1996) or disliked (Bryson 1996), we target the level of appreciation (or lack of appreciation) each respondent has for a particular musical genre. For space considerations a detailed overview of the clustering procedure has been omitted but is available upon request. We employed a two-stage cluster analysis (hierarchical agglomerative and -means) procedure to derive groupings of adolescent musical tastes.Cluster analysis assembles respondents based on their common responses to questions/ measures, and is useful for identifying relatively homogenous groups, groups that are highly intetnally homogenous (members are similar to one another) and highly externally heterogeneous (members are not like members of other clu sters) (Aldenderfer and Blashfield 1984). Employing cluster analysis techniques, we uncovered seven musical taste clustets. gameboard 1 outlines the results of our cluster analysis.The largest group (n = 616) was the Club Kids, composed of those who report an above norm transportment of techno and saltation, mainstream pop, and hip-hop and rap. Next were the Urban harmony Enthusiasts (n = 605). Members of this group have a strong appreciation of Rap and Hip Hop with considerable disinterest in most other musical styles. These adolescents are the primary focus ofthe current study. Then there was a slightly large (n = 482) group of youth, the New Traditionalists, who have an above average liking of classical music and opera, jazz, soul, R&B, country music and mainstream pop.The fourth largest (n = 425) group, the Hard Rockers, comprised a sizeable number of heavy metal and hard rock, alternative, punk and grunge fans. Then there was a surprisingly large (n = 384) group of adol escents, the melodious Abstainers, who are only marginally interested in any kind of music. The group we call the Ethnic Culturalists (n = 380) were so delineated because of a dominant preference for a quite wide range of ethnic music, as well as a greater than average liking for soul and R&B, jazz, classical music and opera, country music techno and dance, and mainstream pop.The smallest group (n = 338), the melodious Omnivores, was composed of those who have an above average appreciation for all 11 musical genres. These clusters vary considerably, not only in the musical Listening to Rap 703 Q-CM O O U O O U O O U O O -COIOCOCOCNJCJCOIO T c3 h h c o 3 UJ CD o .Si i -T COCOCDCO s m eu rocMincDco -T CMC3 co co i Q. CL tu . S o .2 U) o tu tpcooin CNJcOCOCOcdcOCMCOM-COCNI co TCMOCI5 ? CO en (U ro o 0 Q. CL ro o en CM CM co cD t n tu . 2 2 Oi tn -D C to to CZJ eu co CNI co o tD tu. . _ 2 CD O en c o c 03 sa sV ndical . 0011 V CL ro o tu . S P o idd tn tu V p. 704 Social F orces 8H2) likes and dislikes, but also with respect to sociodemographic, socioeconomic class indicators, and measures of school experience, cultural capital, leisure patterns and subcultural delinquency (Tanner, Asbridge and Wortley 2008). Social Injustice, Property Crime and Violent Crime The sense of injustice that rap is said to speak to often involves the dealings that young people have with the police and courts.Six items in our questionnaire invited respondents to evaluate their perceptions of the equity of the criminal justice system, fairness in the educational system, and more general perceptions of the equality of opportunity in Canada. Some of the questions addressed racebased inequality, while others invoked age, class- and gender-based discrimination. These six items were condensed into a scale and standardized (alpha = . 65) with higher values indicating greater feelings of social injustice. Respondents were also invited to report their participation in illegal activi ties.Our measures of crime and delinquency covered a spectrum of activities, varied by type and seriousness. Two scales items are constructed based on the following question How many quantify in the past year have you done any of the following things? Would you say never, once or twice, several times, or many times? The first scale captures involvement in property crime, including self-reported property damage, thieving under $50, breaking into a car, stealing a car, stealing a bike, breaking and entering a home, drug dealing and theft over $50 (alpha = . 6). The second scale measures violent offending and includes carrying a hidden appliance such as a gun or knife in public, using carnal force on another person to get money or other things, attacking someone with the idea of gravely pain him or her, hitting or threatening to hit a parent or teacher, getting into a physical fight with someone, and taking part in a fight where a group of friends were up against another group ( alpha = . 81). SES, School Measures and Cultural swellThe impact of students sociodemographic backgrounds is initially examined in terms of demographic variables-age, gender, Canadian identity (Do you think of yourself as Canadian? -a measure of perceived comprehension in Canadian society), and race. Socioeconomic status is captured through indicators of parents and family situation, and includes measures of parental educational attainment (whether or not they had attended postsecondary education), family intactness (whether or not respondents grew up in a two-parent household), a measure of subjective social class based on perceptions of family income.Next we include a set of measures related to educational attainment, experiences and expectations self-reported grades (proportion receiving broadly speaking As), skipping school, suspension from school, educational stream (general or academic stream) and a more evaluative question about the degree of importance that young people a ttached to education. Listening to Rap 705 Finally, we include a measure of respondents own cultural capital activities.While mainly used as an explanation of educational and occupational attainment (DiMaggio 1982 DiMaggio and Mohr 1995 Aschaffenburg and Maas 1997), measures of cultural capital have also been deployed to uncover dispositions, or orientations, towards the arts (Bourdieu 1984 Swartz 1997). We use it here as a further measure ofthe characteristics and lifestyles ofthe audience for rap-its possession bestowing status upon individuals and the music that they listen to, its absence denoting the opposite.Our seven-item cultural capital index comprises both traditional highbrow pursuits-going to the symphony, visiting museums-and the sorts of respectable leisure activities (playing a musical instrument, attending cultural events, going to the library, reading a book for pleasure and hobbies) that contribute to the cultural resources available to young people. The sum of th ese seven items is standardized and has an alpha of . 65. Descriptive statistics and other details on all measures can be found in Appendix A. Analytic Procedure Multivariate logistical regression is employed in four separate analyses.First, a strong preference for Rap and Hip/Hop-being an Urban Music Enthusiast-is regressed on sociodemographic, socioeconomic status and school measures. Next, we regress being an Urban Music Enthusiast on sociodemographic, socioeconomic status and school measures for three racial groups-white, black and Asian/ southbound Asian youth. For each racial group we run four separate models that include baseline measures only, followed by models that add social injustice, property crime and violent crime. All analyses were conducted with the Stata 8. computer program (StataCorp 2001) using the survey commands that account for intra-cluster correlation due to the complex sampling strategy. Results We can quickly confirm the enormous popularity of rap with ou r respondents. It has the highest average approval rating of any musical genre, with some 33 percent of students saying that they liked it very much, and 21 percent saying that they liked it quite a lot. Rap clearly appeals to a broad range of young listeners and is, therefore very much part of a common music culture among high school students.But our cluster analysis (Table 1) also isolates a group of students who enjoy rap music and little else. Examining the approval radng for each music genre relative to the cluster means, where win approaching 1 indicate a strong approval ofthe genre, and scores approaching 5 indicate a strong dislike, demonstrates that Urban Music Enthusiasts have a strong preference for rap and hip-hop, reggae and dance hall a more moderate liking for soul and R&B, and a below average liking for all other musical genres.We think that our Urban Music Enthusiasts fit the profile of music univores-individuals who appreciate a few musical styles while disliking everything 706 Social Forces mi) else-as described in the research of Peterson (1992) and Bryson (1997). Bryson links univorous taste among American adults to low status, particular racial and ethnic groups, and regional differences. She also notes that univorous taste, when compared to omnivorous taste, is more likely to be related to what she calls subcultural spheres. (Bryson 1997147) Our Urban Music Enthusiasts appear to be rap univores who may also be adhering to sub-cultural spheres. Of the 605 Urban Music Enthusiasts in our sample, 275 A6%) are black, 117 (19%) are white, 115 (19%) are Asian or federation Asian, and 98 (16%) are from other racial groups. These figures tell us that young black people still comprise the central component of the rap audience moreover, roughly 57 percent of black youth is Urban Music Enthusiasts). At the same time, we observe evidence of a significant racial crossover. White Urban Music Enthusiasts constitute 8. 6 percent of the white student s in our sample, while Asian Urban Music Enthusiasts make up 9. 5 percent of all Asian students.The racial composition of the Urban Music Enthusiast taste culture prompts two further questions Eirst, of the black students surveyed, what factors in addition to race predict their univorous interest in rap? Second, of white and Asian students, what factors encourage their involvement in an essentially black music culture, an involvement that clearly sets them apart from other white and Asian students? Table 2 provides results for Urban Music Enthusiasts membership regressed on sociodemographic, socioeconomic status and school measures, with separate analyses for white, black and Asian/ southwesterly Asian young people.Paying particular attention to the findings for each racial group, what is common to all three groups of Urban Music Enthusiasts is that, compared to other students in our sample, they are poorly endowed with cultural capital and are not especially good students. Few othe r background factors have any significant or consistent impact upon a disposition towards Urban Music. For white students, parental SES, family organize and subjective social class, have no bearing upon their musical preferences, whereas school suspension and poor grades are strong predictors.For black students. Urban Music enthusiasm is more common among younger students and those less likely to identify as Canadian. Being a black youth identified as an Urban Music Enthusiast is also strongly related to growing up in a single-parent family and skipping school. For their part, Asian/South Asian youth are something of an anomaly-among them. Urban Music Enthusiasm is positively associated with social class and having knowledgeable mothers-but like other Urban Music Enthusiasts it is also strongly related to school suspension and skipping school.We are less interested, however, in the sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors that may lead to being an Urban Music Enthusiast than in the relationship between being a Urban Music Enthusiast and representations of rap-either as part of a culture of resistance and/or as a basis for subcultural delinquency. Tables 3 through 5 describe the distribution of being an Urban Music Enthusiast across three racial groups (white, black, Asian/South Asian) as shaped by perceptions Listening to Rap 707 I i I u (O re (/ CO o (U 1. 76 4. 37 ,01a V re . r o U c n t CO CO cr CD CO CO CD CM CNl T CD CN? -iCO CNJ . CNj CO r-1 2 . o o CO CO c n 0 5 t-- M ,59c ,55c I CO ro ro CNl CD c n r CO CZ CO CO CNJ cu CD CO CO CNl CO o CNI m E cn o O) T T LO r CO CNl CN LO CD CZ CM LO e n LO CO CD LO CM o ro CNJ c n CO CO u o O r-. CO h T CO CM -sj- CO CO CO ,41 ro CO u o u CO CO CO CO LO o ro ro CM LO T CO T c u LO c n -. 11 -3. 67 Tl- CNl l CO cp h.. LO cn CO T LO CO CO C35 CNJ CNl C D CO h CJ) CO CD LO CNl c n CO LO CNl c n CI3 c n r CO CD CO CO T- CU T CO CO r l CO CD CO h- CO J ro c j o LO LO r- I CO CT CO LO CD C O o I co O5 o lO Tt lO t * CM t co LO r T co CD csi ro g co E Q S o 0 CM 05 EntlNusi ts Memi nd Vioie Prop iociai Stice t-ratlo _o , 0 E o. E Q. / fV le 0 S 0 rat g CO t- -aO5 CIS co co CM r. CM r i r j co cz co co OO m LO co r-.. co T en lO CM LO CO o r cz CM r UO OO T l I CD 1 LO CD T O CSI CO CO T T- T- OO CO oq LO O I 05 h co LO C3 CSl i T- c s i T- c s i re re 3 s o 0 CM LO * O CD CD CJ C 3 CO T CO co Ti i.. OO co T 1 CM CD O ) OO CD co eu r O r co CD ci u 3 S ice a Bas iViod _o d) ro .? 5 S V 3 iO r- co CM CM LO CD CD CM LO CD LO co o LO T T- T cri i- c o h c o CM o CD CM OO h- oq CO csi T- csi T- CD s c 0 ?ai ir 1 ? ir _3 s oc 0 CSJ T I CD CD c o CN co OO co i csi CSI C3 co CD T t co O CD o 3 o u 0 coiSS ? 3 (O re CL O) O a ro . re 0) Logi . O fe 5 5 ID ? -O Et iyMA-d3. 1997. What About the Univores? Musical Dislikes and Group-Based Identity Construction Among Americans with Low Levels of Education. Poetics 25(2-3) 141-56. Chen, Meng-Jinn J. , Brenda Miller, Joel Grube and Elizabeth Waiters. 2006. Music, Substance pulmonary tuberculosis and Aggression. daybook of Studies on Alcohol 67(3)373-81. Cohen, Stanley. 973. Folk Devils and Moral Panics. MacCibbons and Kee. 1980. Folk Devils and Moral Panics. 2 Edition. Martin Robertson. Curran, James. 1990. The New Revisionism in Mass communicating Research A Reappraisal. European Journal of Communication 5 (2) 135-64. 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Descriptive Statistics for all Measures Variables Independent Measures Age Gender Do you identify yourself as Canadian Race Coding Years Male Female Mean/ Cases Percent 3331 1696 1700 2533 16. 62 49. 9 50. 1 74. 8 25. 39. 4 14. 2 11. 5 19. 3 15. 7 31. 5 68. 4 27. 0 73. 0 76. 7 23. 3 3. 26 Yes No White Black Asian South Asian early(a) 850 1334 Father Received Postsecondary Education Mother Received Postsecondary Education Two-Parent Family 480 391 653 531 1073 2327 Subjective Social Class 1 (poor) to 5 ( replete) Z-score Cultural Capital Leisure (index of frequency of involvement in playing a musical instrument, attending cultural events, volunteering, going to meetings/ belonging to organizations, going to the library , going to the symphony or opera, going to the museum, reading a book for pleasure, and involvement with hobbies, with an a=. O). Have been suspended from school at least once Have skipped school at least once Primarily receive A Grades Educational spud Education is Important Part of Life Yes No Yes No Yes No 917 2483 2609 791 3032 3325 Yes No Yes No Yes No Educational General 450 2950 2493 907 1092 2308 2642 13. 2 86. 8 73. 3 26. 7 32. 1 7. 9 78. 0 22. 0 71. 8 28. 2 18. 7 81. 3 736 2309 Yes No 905 605 2625 3277Dependent Measures Yes Urban Music Enthusiasts No Social Injustice (index of amount of agreement or Z-score disagreement regarding the following statements people from my racial group are more likely to be unfairly stopped and questioned by the police than people from other racial groups discrimination makes it hard for people from my racial group to find a good job discrimination makes it difficult for people from my racial group to get good marks in school students from r ich families have an easier time getting ahead than students from poor families everyone has an equal chance of getting ahead in Canada it is rare for an innocent person to be wrongly sent to jail, with an a=. 65). continued on the following page 722 Social Forces 88(2 Appendix A. ontinued Coding Variables Independent Measures Property Crime (index of frequency of involvement Z-score in breaking into cars, minor theft under $50, property damage, stealing bikes, breaking and entering into homes, stealing cars, major theft over $50, and drug dealing, with an pi=. 86), _ . Violent Crime (index of frequency of carrying a hidden Z-score weapon like a gun or knife in public, using physical force on another person to get money or other things attacked someone with the idea of seriously hurting that person, hit or threatened to hit a parent or teacher, getting into a physical fight with someone, and taken part in a fight where a group of friends were up against another arouD. with an a=. 81). Mean/ Cases Percent 3344 3288 Copyright of Social Forces is the property of University of North Carolina Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or